LIFESTYLE STRATEGIES FOR CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH: A TEAM-BASED APPROACH
Faculty:
The following continuing medical education team members were involved in the initial planning, development, and review of this activity:
L. Austin Fredrickson, MD, FACP
L. Austin Fredrickson is an Associate Professor of Internal Medicine at Northeast Ohio Medical University, where he serves as core faculty and teaches diagnostics, therapeutics, clinical skills, and health humanities. He is board-certified in general internal medicine and practices rural primary care. 
Liz Fredrickson, PharmD, BCPS
Liz Fredrickson, PharmD, BCPS, is an Associate Professor of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED) College of Pharmacy, where she is course director of the Parenteral Products and Basic Pharmaceutics Lab courses.
Kristina (Tia) Neu, RN
Kristina (Tia) Neu is a licensed Registered Nurse and author currently developing in-service training for healthcare professionals. She is a National Board-Certified Health & Wellness and Lifestyle Medicine Coach. Her work experience includes work in several areas of the healthcare profession, including psychiatric nursing, medical nursing, motivational health coaching, chronic case management, dental hygiene, cardiac technician, and surgical technician.
Pamela Sardo, PharmD, BS
Pamela Sardo, PharmD, BS, is a freelance medical writer and licensed pharmacist. She is the founder and principal at Sardo Solutions in Texas. Pam received her BS from the University of Connecticut and her PharmD from the University of Rhode Island. Pam’s career spans many years in retail, clinics, hospitals, long-term care, Veterans Affairs, and managed health care responsibilities across a broad range of therapeutic classes and disease states.
Topic Overview
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While pharmacotherapy is essential, lifestyle interventions form the cornerstone of prevention and management. Recent guidelines emphasize the need for a multidisciplinary, team-based approach to implement and sustain interventions. Physicians, pharmacists, nurses, dietitians, behavioral health specialists, and care coordinators each play a critical role in supporting patients through education, counseling, monitoring, and motivational strategies. This continuing education activity will equip learners with evidence-based strategies to optimize diet, physical activity, sleep, and stress reduction in patients at risk for or living with ASCVD. Learners will also review the latest data on nutrition patterns, exercise prescriptions, and the impact of social determinants of health on lifestyle modification.
Accreditation Statements
In support of improving patient care, RxCe.com LLC is jointly accredited by the Accreditation CouncilTM for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME®), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE®), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC®), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team.
This activity was planned by and for the healthcare team, and learners will receive 2 Interprofessional Continuing Education (IPCE) credits for learning and change.
Joint Universal Activity Number: The Joint Accreditation Universal Activity Numbers assigned to this activity are as follows:
Pharmacists: JA4008424-0000-26-004-H01-P
Pharmacy Technicians: JA4008424-0000-26-004-H01-T
Credits: 2 contact hour(s) (0.2 CEU(s)) of continuing education credit.
Credit Types:
IPCE Credits - 2 Credits
AAPA Category 1 Credit™️ - 2 Credits
AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™️ - 2 Credits
Pharmacy - 2 Credits
Type of Activity: Knowledge
Media: Computer-Based Training (i.e., online courses)
Estimated time to complete activity: 2 contact hour(s) (0.2 CEU(s)), including Course Test and course evaluation.
Release Date: January 12, 2026 Expiration Date: January 12, 2029
Target Audience: This educational activity is for Physicians, Physician Assistants, Pharmacists, and Pharmacy Technicians
How to Earn Credit: From January 12, 2026, through January 12, 2029, participants must:
Read the “learning objectives” and “author and planning team disclosures;”
Study the section entitled “educational activity;” and
Complete the Course Test and Evaluation form. The Course Test will be graded automatically. Following successful completion of the Course Test with a score of 70% or higher, a statement of participation will be made available immediately. (No partial credit will be given.)
CME Credit: Credit for this course will be uploaded to CPE Monitor® for pharmacists. Physicians may receive AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ and use these credits toward Maintenance of Certification (MOC) requirements. Physician Assistants may earn AAPA Category 1 CME credit, reportable through PA Portfolio. All learners should verify their individual licensing board's specific requirements and eligibility criteria.
Learning Objectives: Upon completion of this educational activity, participants should be able to:
Compare and contrast evidence-based approaches to lifestyle interventions for ASCVD management, including diet, physical activity, and stress reduction
Recognize barriers to lifestyle modifications, including social determinants of health
Describe collaborative approaches to implementing lifestyle interventions in the prevention and management of ASCVD
Disclosures
The following individuals were involved in planning, developing, and/or authoring this activity: L. Austin Fredrickson, MD, FACP; Kristina (Tia) Neu, RN; and Pamela Sardo, PharmD, BS. None of the individuals involved in developing this activity has a conflict of interest or financial relationships related to the subject matter. There are no financial relationships or commercial or financial support relevant to this activity to report or disclose by RxCe.com or any of the individuals involved in the development of this activity.
© RxCe.com LLC 2026: All rights reserved. No reproduction of all or part of any content herein is allowed without the prior, written permission of RxCe.com LLC.
Educational Activity
Lifestyle Strategies for Cardiovascular Health: A Team-Based Approach
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease is the leading global cause of death, accounting for nearly one-third of all deaths annually.1 Despite major advances in pharmacotherapy and acute interventions, ASCVD prevention remains a pressing challenge. The 2019 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) primary prevention guidelines stress that lifestyle interventions form the foundation of ASCVD risk reduction, both for primary and secondary prevention.1 Yet adherence to these recommendations remains low, with fewer than one in ten U.S. adults meeting targets for diet quality, physical activity, and other key behaviors.2
Members of the interprofessional care team, including physicians, pharmacists, nurses, dietitians, behavioral health specialists, and care coordinators, each play a critical role in supporting patients through education, counseling, monitoring, and motivational strategies. This continuing education activity will equip learners with evidence-based strategies to optimize diet, physical activity, sleep, and stress reduction in patients at risk for or living with ASCVD. Learners will also review the latest data on nutrition patterns, exercise prescriptions, and the impact of social determinants of health on lifestyle modification.
AHA Essential Eight
The American Heart Association’s Life’s Essential 8TM represents a modernized, evidence-based framework for optimizing cardiovascular health across an individual’s lifespan.3,4 This updated framework construct builds upon the earlier Life’s Simple 7 model by retaining the core elements, including diet, physical activity, and traditional health markers, while also introducing two crucial new components: sleep health and an enhanced scoring system to allow personalized tracking and improvement over time.3,4
Table 1
Life’s Simple 8 Recommendations3,4
| Domain | Recommendation |
|---|---|
| Eat Better | Emphasize fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and plant oils. Limit processed meats, added sugars, and saturated/trans fats. |
| Be More Active | ≥150 minutes/week moderate-intensity activity or ≥75 minutes/week vigorous activity, plus muscle-strengthening 2x/week |
| Quit Tobacco | Avoid all nicotine products (cigarettes, e-cigarettes, vaping). Reduce secondhand smoke exposure. |
| Get Healthy Sleep | Adults: 7–9 hours/night; children: age-appropriate hours. Poor sleep increases ASCVD risk. |
| Manage Weight | Maintain BMI 18.5–24.9. Even modest weight loss lowers ASCVD risk. |
| Control Cholesterol | Focus on non-HDL cholesterol as the preferred target; lower is better. |
| Manage Blood Sugar | Monitor glucose (HbA1c) to prevent long-term vascular damage. |
| Manage Blood Pressure | Target <120/80 mmHg. Elevated BP requires early intervention to reduce ASCVD events. |
 
Patient Case
Mr. J is a 55-year-old male with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and a BMI of 31. He smokes half a pack per day, sleeps about 5–6 hours nightly, and works two jobs with limited time for exercise. He lives in a neighborhood with few grocery stores and primarily eats fast food. His LDL cholesterol is 165 mg/dL, and he is hesitant to start a statin, preferring to “try lifestyle changes first.”
Nutrition and Dietary Strategies
Implementation of a heart-healthy diet is one of the most powerful tools for ASCVD prevention. The American Heart Association’s (AHA) 2021 dietary guidance statement and the 2019 ACC/AHA Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease guideline underscore the central role of diet in cardiometabolic health.1,5 Both recognize that sedentary lifestyles and excess caloric intake have fueled rising rates of obesity and related comorbidities, and they recommend balancing energy intake with energy expenditure to maintain a healthy weight as the first step in prevention.1,5 Rather than focusing on individual foods or nutrients, these statements emphasize adopting overall dietary patterns and starting healthy nutrition early in life.
In particular, the Mediterranean diet, characterized by high consumption of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts, olive oil, and fish, has been shown to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in large randomized trials.6-10 Unlike diets that focus on individual nutrients, this pattern of eating allows for synergistic benefits by supplying antioxidants, healthy fats, and anti-inflammatory compounds.6-10
Evidence of the cardiovascular benefits of the Mediterranean diet dates back to the Seven Countries Study, which highlighted lower heart disease rates in Mediterranean regions compared to Northern Europe and the U.S.9 Subsequent randomized controlled trials strengthened this link.10 The Lyon Diet Heart Study demonstrated over a 70% reduction in recurrent myocardial infarction and a 50% reduction in mortality among post-MI patients assigned to a Mediterranean diet.11 Later, the PREDIMED trial enrolled more than 7,000 high-risk individuals and found that a Mediterranean diet high in either extra-virgin olive oil or nuts reduced the incidence of major cardiovascular events by about 30%.12 Subgroup analyses found improvements in the incidence of diabetes, as well as biomarkers of vascular health.12
The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet was developed in the 1990s to address rising rates of hypertension, a major cardiovascular risk factor.13 It emphasizes fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, lean proteins such as fish and poultry, nuts, seeds, and whole grains, while limiting red meat, sweets, and sugar-sweetened beverages.13 Sodium restriction is a central feature, with standard and lower-sodium versions available.13
Clinical trials have found that the DASH diet lowers systolic blood pressure by 3 mmHg and improves LDL cholesterol levels. Observational studies associate adherence to DASH with lower risks of CVD, heart failure, and diabetes. More recent studies, such as the DISCO trial, suggest that adopting DASH alongside medical therapy may slow the progression of coronary plaque development, highlighting its role in reducing both risk factors and structural disease progression.11
Other dietary approaches, such as plant-based eating patterns, have been associated with reduced coronary heart disease risk, particularly when diets are rich in whole foods and minimally processed ingredients.14 Large cohort studies support these benefits. In the CARDIA study, individuals with the highest adherence to plant-based diets had a greater than 50% reduction in cardiovascular events over three decades.15 Importantly, not all plant-based diets may offer patients the same benefits. For example, nutrient gaps (e.g., vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium, and zinc) can occur in strict vegan diets, requiring supplementation.
Although evidence strongly supports these dietary approaches, adherence remains suboptimal due to behavioral, cultural, and socioeconomic barriers. To improve implementation rates, healthcare professionals have turned to strategies such as nutrition counseling, culinary medicine, and “food is medicine” initiatives.16 Counseling based on behavioral theory and motivational interviewing has proven effective in improving dietary habits, weight, and blood pressure.16
The success of these strategies depends on the contributions of the interprofessional team. Physicians and advanced practice providers play a central role in initiating conversations about diet and referring patients to structured programs. Dietitians provide individualized and culturally sensitive meal planning, lead group sessions, and offer practical skills training. Pharmacists reinforce dietary recommendations by reviewing drug–nutrition interactions and counseling on weight management and chronic disease medications. Nurses and health coaches can deliver ongoing follow-up, track progress, and reinforce the importance of provider visits. Behavioral health specialists help patients address stress, emotional eating, and motivation, while care coordinators and social workers connect patients to food assistance programs and other community resources.
Unfortunately, despite the efforts of care teams, patients may still face challenges, including food insecurity, food deserts, and cultural or financial barriers to healthy eating. These obstacles contribute to health disparities, disproportionately affecting underserved populations. The COVID-19 pandemic magnified these issues by significantly increasing food insecurity in vulnerable groups.16 Community engagement strategies, culturally tailored education, and family-centered approaches, such as shared mealtimes, may help close these gaps.16
Physical Activity
Regular physical activity improves endothelial function, reduces blood pressure, lowers LDL cholesterol, and enhances insulin sensitivity. The 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommend at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity, combined with strength training at least twice weekly.17 Data finds that even walking 10 minutes per day can yield meaningful health benefits and serve as a gateway to larger lifestyle changes.18 Aerobic exercise, such as brisk walking, swimming, or cycling, is associated with large reductions in the incidence of ASCVD.18 At the same time, resistance training provides patients with additional benefits in weight management and metabolic health.18
Patients often struggle to meet exercise goals due to time constraints, fear of injury, or lack of a safe environment in which to exercise. This provides the care team with the opportunity to intervene and assist patients. For example, nurses can reinforce exercise goals during routine vital checks, and care coordinators may connect patients to local community fitness resources.
Table 2
Recommendations for Collaborative Care Teams to Assist Patients with Physical Activity18,19
| Recommendation | Description |
|---|---|
| Expand the Focus of Patient Education | Emphasize not just weight loss but the broad cardiovascular benefits of physical activity, including lower blood pressure, improved lipid levels, enhanced endothelial function, and reduced ASCVD risk. |
| Integrate Physical Activity as a Vital Sign | Routinely assess and document activity levels during clinical visits (e.g., minutes per week of moderate/vigorous exercise, resistance training), especially for patients with hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia. |
| Foster Interdisciplinary Collaboration | Involve physicians and exercise specialists in designing activity plans tailored to cardiovascular risk factors, preferences, and comorbid conditions. |
| Support Long-Term Interventions | Encourage sustainable, long-term activity programs (walking groups, cardiac rehab, community fitness classes) that demonstrate benefits in reducing recurrent CV events and improving functional capacity. |
| Address Environmental Barriers | Connect patients to safe, affordable exercise resources, such as community centers, walking trails, or virtual fitness options, while addressing socioeconomic and cultural barriers to activity. |
Importantly, physical activity contributes to weight loss, supports weight maintenance, improves cardiometabolic health, and reduces visceral adiposity.19 Combining aerobic and resistance training yields additional benefits in body composition and metabolic health.20 A systematic review examined the impact of physical activity on health outcomes independent of weight loss in individuals with obesity.7 Four major outcome categories were identified: cellular, metabolic, cardiovascular, systemic, and brain health.20 Metabolic and cardiovascular benefits included reduced serum triglycerides, increased fat oxidation, enhanced mitochondrial respiration, and lower HbA1C levels.20 Systemic outcomes included improved metabolic phenotype, cardiorespiratory fitness, and sustained exercise behaviors.20 Brain health outcomes included better sleep quality, reduced depressive symptoms, and enhanced emotional health.20
Sleep and Stress Reduction
Emerging evidence has highlighted the importance of sleep and stress in ASCVD risk. Patients who get less than 6 hours of sleep per night and/or have poor sleep quality have a higher risk of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular events.21 Behavioral health specialists and nurses can assist patients in developing sleep hygiene practices such as maintaining consistent bedtimes, limiting screen exposure, and avoiding stimulants before bed.21 Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is effective for chronic sleep disturbance and may improve adherence to other lifestyle interventions.21
Chronic psychosocial stress can also cause issues for patients by activating neuroendocrine and inflammatory pathways that contribute to atherosclerosis progression.22 Stress management techniques—including mindfulness meditation, breathing exercises, and structured group support—have demonstrated reductions in blood pressure and improved patient-reported quality of life.23 Pharmacists can reinforce these recommendations during medication counseling, particularly for patients with high stress who may rely on maladaptive coping strategies such as tobacco or alcohol use.23
Return to Patient Case
Mr. J would benefit most from evidence-based lifestyle interventions, including adopting a Mediterranean or DASH-style diet, engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week, quitting smoking, and improving sleep quality and stress management. However, he faces significant barriers, including limited access to healthy foods due to living in a food desert, financial and time constraints from working two jobs, tobacco dependence, and chronic stress with inadequate sleep.
Interprofessional Care Team Response
An interprofessional care team can help address these challenges: physicians and advanced practice providers can guide shared decision-making and referrals, pharmacists can support smoking cessation and reinforce adherence, dietitians can provide practical, affordable meal strategies, nurses and health coaches can monitor progress and encourage incremental change, behavioral health specialists can address stress and motivation, and care coordinators or social workers can connect him with community resources such as food assistance or fitness programs. Together, this collaborative approach can optimize his ability to adopt and sustain lifestyle changes for ASCVD prevention.
Motivational Interviewing
Combining systemic changes with personalized counseling is crucial for addressing cardiovascular risk and disease effectively.24 Motivational interviewing is a patient-centered, collaborative style of conversation designed to enhance a person's intrinsic motivation and commitment to change.24 It offers care teams a helpful tool that empowers patients to manage their health effectively. The steps of this process do require practice and are provided in Table 3.24
Table 3
Motivational Interviewing24
| Step | Action | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Set Agenda | Understand patient priorities and integrate clinician concerns. | “I’d like to add one more topic to our visit. Can we discuss your blood pressure and cholesterol numbers?” |
| Express Empathy | Acknowledge the patient's struggles and validate their perspective. | “Managing blood pressure and cholesterol can be tough, especially with everything else you’re balancing.” |
| Ask-Tell-Ask | Seek permission, share tailored advice, and check understanding. | “Would it be OK if we reviewed how lowering your blood pressure and cholesterol could reduce your heart attack risk?” |
| Encourage Change Talk | Highlight patient statements that reflect a desire or reasons for change. | Patient: “I don’t want to end up like my father with a heart attack.” Clinician: “Staying healthy for the future is really important to you.” |
| Collaborate on Goals | Develop SMART action plans based on patient input. | “If you wanted to start being more active, what’s one realistic step you could take this week?” |
| Follow-Up | Schedule check-ins to review progress and refine the plan. | “Let’s recheck your numbers at your next visit and see how your walking and meal changes are going.” |
SMART Goals
Behavioral changes are more likely to succeed when goals are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound (SMART).25 Instead of the vague goal “eat better,” a SMART goal could be: “I will pack a salad with vegetables and beans for lunch three times this week instead of eating fast food.” SMART goals help patients visualize success, track progress, and build confidence with incremental wins.25
Along with setting smart goals, health coaching leverages techniques such as goal setting, accountability check-ins, and problem-solving to sustain long-term behavior change.25 Coaches (nurses, health educators) partner with patients to:
Set priorities based on readiness to change.
Identify barriers and brainstorm solutions (e.g., finding free, safe walking routes if gym access is limited).
Provide ongoing encouragement and accountability.
Evidence finds that health coaching improves adherence to lifestyle recommendations, reduces ASCVD risk factors, and helps patients integrate behavior changes into their daily routines.25
A Team-Based Approach to Lifestyle Management
No single healthcare provider can ensure sustained lifestyle change alone. Instead, effective cardiovascular prevention requires an interprofessional care model in which each team member leverages their expertise. Based on their expertise, team members should communicate and coordinate the implementation of the lifestyle-change strategies discussed above. Examples of team roles could be as follows:
Physicians and advanced practice providers diagnose ASCVD, stratify risk, and set overarching treatment goals, reinforcing the importance of lifestyle alongside pharmacotherapy.
Pharmacists provide medication management, identify drug–diet or drug–exercise interactions, and engage in motivational interviewing for smoking cessation, weight management, or adherence challenges.
Nurses regularly monitor blood pressure, weight, and adherence to lifestyle measures while serving as frontline educators during patient encounters.
Dietitians deliver in-depth dietary counseling tailored to the patient’s needs, cultural background, and economic realities, guiding patients toward sustainable nutrition strategies.
Behavioral health specialists address depression, anxiety, or stress-related barriers, offering evidence-based tools such as CBT, mindfulness, and stress reduction strategies.
Care coordinators and social workers connect patients to community programs, transportation services, food assistance, and financial resources that mitigate Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) barriers.26 These barriers may include economic stability, access to quality education, neighborhood environments, social support, and access to quality healthcare.
This type of collaborative framework helps ensure patients receive consistent messaging across disciplines while addressing practical and psychosocial challenges.
Summary
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide, despite advances in pharmacotherapy. Evidence consistently demonstrates that lifestyle interventions, particularly heart-healthy dietary patterns (Mediterranean, DASH, plant-based), physical activity, stress reduction, and adequate sleep, form the foundation of ASCVD prevention and management. However, adherence is suboptimal due to barriers such as food insecurity, cultural preferences, and psychosocial stressors. The American Heart Association’s Life’s Essential 8 provides an updated framework to guide prevention efforts. Effective implementation requires interprofessional collaboration. By addressing both evidence-based strategies and social determinants of health, the care team can optimize outcomes and reduce disparities in ASCVD prevention.
Course Test
Which of the following is a central feature of the DASH diet?
DASH diet
Mediterranean diet
Low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet
Paleolithic diet
Which of the following distinguishes the DASH diet from the Mediterranean diet?
Emphasis on sodium restriction
High intake of fish and olive oil
Elimination of dairy products
Focus on intermittent fasting
According to the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines, how much weekly exercise should adults perform?
60 minutes/week of vigorous activity
150 minutes/week of moderate-intensity activity
90 minutes/week of resistance training
120 minutes/week of yoga and stretching
Which of the following is a new element added in the AHA’s Life’s Essential 8 compared to Life’s Simple 7?
Blood pressure monitoring
Sleep health
Dietary sodium reduction
Cholesterol control
In which of the following ways can food deserts impact ASCVD risk?
Increasing sodium intake from restaurant meals
Encouraging overuse of vitamin supplements
Promoting excessive physical activity
Limiting access to affordable, nutritious food
Which population group in the United States is disproportionately affected by food insecurity?
High-income suburban adults
Underserved populations
Retired adults with Medicare coverage
Food insecurity is uncommon in the United States
Which barrier may prevent patients from engaging in physical activity?
Time constraints
High omega-3 fatty acid intake
Overuse of dietary counseling services
Adherence to CBT-I programs
The physician or other advanced practice provider is the healthcare team member most likely to
provide cognitive behavioral therapy to the patient.
deliver in-depth dietary counseling.
connect the patients to transportation services, food assistance, and financial resources.
diagnose a medical condition, such as ASCVD, and set overarching treatment goals.
What role do pharmacists play in team-based ASCVD management?
Prescribing medications to treat cardiovascular disease
Performing imaging studies to assess plaque burden
Identifying drug–diet interactions and counseling on adherence
Leading stress management CBT sessions
Which professional is most likely to address psychosocial stress through mindfulness or CBT?
Nurse
Behavioral health specialist
Dietitian
Cardiologist
References
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DISCLAIMER
The information provided in this course is general in nature, and it is designed solely to provide participants with continuing education credit(s). This course and materials are not meant to substitute for the independent, professional judgment of any participant regarding that participant’s professional practice, including but not limited to patient assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and/or health management. Medical and pharmacy practices, rules, and laws vary from state to state, and this course does not cover the laws of each state; therefore, participants must consult the laws of their state as they relate to their professional practice.
Healthcare professionals must consult their employer, healthcare facility, hospital, or other organization for guidelines, protocols, and procedures to follow. The information provided in this course does not replace those guidelines, protocols, and procedures, but is for academic purposes only, and this course’s limited purpose is for the completion of continuing education credits.
Participants are advised and acknowledge that information related to medications, their administration, dosing, contraindications, adverse reactions, interactions, warnings, precautions, or accepted uses is constantly changing. Any person taking this course understands that such a person must make an independent review of medication information before any patient assessment, diagnosis, treatment and/or health management. Any discussion of off-label use of any medication, device, or procedure is informational only, and such uses are not endorsed hereby.
Nothing contained in this course represents the opinions, views, judgments, or conclusions of RxCe.com LLC. RxCe.com LLC is not liable or responsible to any person for any inaccuracy, error, or omission with respect to this course or course material.
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